The polite past copula — “was / were”
JLPT N5 文法 でした 解説 (丁寧な過去の断定)
⏱️ Study time: 5–7 minutes
でした is the polite past form of です. Use it to say "it was" / "I was" / "she was" in a polite way. Its negative past form is ではありませんでした (or じゃありませんでした). Understanding this is key for talking about the past in Japanese.
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でした is the polite past form of the copula です. It is used after nouns and na‑adjectives to state that something *was* a certain way in the past. It’s the standard polite way to talk about past states.
去年、彼は学生でした。きょねん、かれはがくせいでした。Kyonen, kare wa gakusei deshita.
Last year he was a student.
| Form | Sentence | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Affirmative past | 天気はよかったです。てんきはよかったです。Tenki wa yokatta desu. (i‑adjective example) | The weather was good. |
| Noun past | 彼女は先生でした。かのじょはせんせいでした。Kanojo wa sensei deshita. | She was a teacher. |
| Negative past | 昨日は休みではありませんでした。きのうはやすみではありませんでした。Kinō wa yasumi dewa arimasen deshita. | Yesterday was not a holiday. |
✅ Past form of います → いました. (Verb, not copula, but similar politeness).
| Form | Politeness | Usage | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| でした | Polite | Formal conversations, business, strangers | 学生でした。 |
| だった | Plain / Casual | Friends, family, embedded clauses | 学生だった。 |
1. “She was a doctor.” Select the correct polite past.
2. What is the polite past of “It is not a cat.”?
3. “The weather was good yesterday.” Choose the correct sentence.
Taught by Anup Sensei at Gogaku Language & Training Center in Pokhara. With real Japan experience and a focus on exam essentials, he helps students pass the JLPT with confidence.
No. i‑adjectives have their own past polite form: drop the final い and add かったです (e.g., 楽しい → 楽しかったです). でした is only for nouns and na‑adjectives.
でした is the polite past of です (for nouns/na‑adjectives). かったです is the polite past of i‑adjectives. They are not interchangeable.
Use ではありませんでした or the contracted じゃありませんでした after the noun/na‑adjective (e.g., 学生ではありませんでした).
Next: ました (mashita) — the polite past verb form.
Learn ました →→ Explore the JLPT N5 Grammar Hub
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