The polite copula — “is / am / are” in polite Japanese
JLPT N5 文法 です 解説 (丁寧な断定)
⏱️ Study time: 5–7 minutes
です is the backbone of polite Japanese. Learn to form affirmative, negative, and past sentences with the polite copula — and when to use だ instead.
💡 Toggle furigana, hiragana, or romaji for easier reading.
です is the polite copula in Japanese. It is attached to a noun (or na-adjective) to state that something is that noun. It doesn’t change for gender or number, and it’s essential for polite speech.
私は日本人です。わたしはにほんじんです。Watashi wa Nihonjin desu.
I am Japanese. (polite)
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | N + です | 猫です。ねこです。Neko desu. It's a cat. |
| Negative | N + ではありません / じゃありません | 犬ではありません。いぬではありません。Inu dewa arimasen. It's not a dog. |
| Past | N + でした | 学生でした。がくせいでした。Gakusei deshita. I was a student. |
| Past Negative | N + ではありませんでした | 先生ではありませんでした。せんせいではありませんでした。Sensei dewa arimasen deshita. I wasn't a teacher. |
✅ Polished, safe for any situation.
| Form | Politeness | Usage | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| だ | Plain / Casual | With close friends, manga, or within plain‑form clauses | 猫だ。ねこだ。Neko da. |
| です | Polite | Everyday polite conversation, business, service | 猫です。ねこです。Neko desu. |
| である | Formal/Written | Academic papers, formal speeches, news | 猫である。ねこである。Neko de aru. |
1. Choose the correct polite negative: “That is not my bag.”
2. Which is the correct past tense of です?
3. “I was not a teacher.” Pick the polite past negative.
Taught by Anup Sensei at Gogaku Language & Training Center in Pokhara. With real Japan experience and a focus on exam essentials, he helps students pass the JLPT with confidence.
Yes, for politeness (e.g., おいしいです). Do not use だ after i‑adjectives.
じゃありません is a contraction of では and slightly more casual. Both are polite, but ではありません is more formal.
In very formal writing (use である) or when talking with very close friends in casual settings (use だ).
Next: ます (masu) — how to make verbs polite.
Learn ます →→ Explore the JLPT N5 Grammar Hub
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