Polite verb endings — ます / ません / ました / ませんでした
JLPT N5 文法 〜ます活用 解説 (丁寧形全て)
⏱️ Study time: 6–8 minutes
This is the complete guide to polite verb conjugation. You'll learn all four forms — ます (do/will do), ません (don't do), ました (did), ませんでした (didn't do) — across all three verb groups. Master this and you can use any verb politely.
💡 Toggle furigana, hiragana, or romaji for easier reading.
The ます form is the gate to all polite Japanese. Once you can make the stem, you simply attach the right ending:
| Form | Tense | Polarity | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ます | Non‑past | Affirmative | do / will do |
| ません | Non‑past | Negative | don't do / won't do |
| ました | Past | Affirmative | did |
| ませんでした | Past | Negative | didn't do |
The non‑past forms (ます / ません) cover both present and future — Japanese doesn't have a separate future tense.
Every verb in Japanese belongs to one of three groups. The rule for creating the stem differs slightly for each group.
Stem + ます = polite non‑past 🔑
| Dictionary | Stem | ます | ません | ました | ませんでした |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 書く (write) | 書き | 書きます | 書きません | 書きました | 書きませんでした |
| 飲む (drink) | 飲み | 飲みます | 飲みません | 飲みました | 飲みませんでした |
| 話す (speak) | 話し | 話します | 話しません | 話しました | 話しませんでした |
| Dictionary | Stem | ます | ません | ました | ませんでした |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 食べる (eat) | 食べ | 食べます | 食べません | 食べました | 食べませんでした |
| 見る (see) | 見 | 見ます | 見ません | 見ました | 見ませんでした |
| 起きる (get up) | 起き | 起きます | 起きません | 起きました | 起きませんでした |
| Dictionary | Stem | ます | ません | ました | ませんでした |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| する (do) | し | します | しません | しました | しませんでした |
| 来る (come) | 来 (ki) | 来ます | 来ません | 来ました | 来ませんでした |
✅ Present habit → ます form.
| Form | Affirmative | Negative | Past | Past Negative |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polite | 食べます | 食べません | 食べました | 食べませんでした |
| Plain | 食べる | 食べない | 食べた | 食べなかった |
1. What is the polite negative form of 飲む (to drink)?
2. Which is the polite past affirmative of する?
3. “I didn't come yesterday.” Select the correct form.
Taught by Anup Sensei at Gogaku Language & Training Center in Pokhara. With real Japan experience and a focus on exam essentials, he helps students pass the JLPT with confidence.
ます is a verb ending (食べます = eat), です is a copula for nouns and adjectives (学生です = am a student). They are not interchangeable.
Most verbs ending in ‑iru or ‑eru are Group II (drop る), but there are exceptions like 帰る (Group I). At N5, memorise common exceptions and learn patterns with practice.
No. i‑adjectives have their own polite form: add です (楽しいです). ます is only for verbs.
Next: Dictionary Form — the plain verb form.
Learn Dictionary Form →→ Explore the JLPT N5 Grammar Hub
Join Anup Sensei's intensive course at Gogaku Language & Training Center, Pokhara. Small batches, real conversation, mock tests, and full grammar mastery.
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